At present, an effective method to solve the increasing bandwidth of information transmission is to use CWDM equipment and DWDM equipment, but they are different in many aspects.

1. Channel spacing between CWDM equipment and DWDM equipment

Channel spacing is defined as the difference between the nominal carrier frequencies of two adjacent optical channels, and is generally used to prevent inter-channel interference. CWDM  has a wider spacing than DWDM, it can transmit 18 wavelengths in the spectral grid of 1271 nm to 1611 nm, and the channel spacing is 20 nm. DWDM can transmit 40, 80 or 160 wavelengths, and the channel spacing can be 0.8 nm.

2. Transmission distance between CWDM equipment and DWDM equipment

Since the wavelength of dense wavelength division multiplexing equipment (DWDM) is highly integrated during optical fiber transmission, DWDM equipment can transmit longer distances than CWDM equipment. CWDM equipment currently cannot achieve unlimited distance transmission, and its maximum transmission distance is only 160 kilometers, while the transmission distance of DWDM equipment far exceeds that of CWDM equipment.

3. Modulated lasers of CWDM equipment and DWDM equipment

The system of CWDM equipment has lower requirements on the technical indicators of the laser, and generally an uncooled laser can be used; the system of DWDM equipment needs to use a cooled laser, and the cooling laser adopts a temperature adjustment method to ensure the stability of the DWDM system. With better performance, higher safety and longer service life, DWDM consume more energy than CWDM equipment.

4. Cost of CWDM equipment and DWDM equipment

Because the temperature distribution of the DWDM equipment system is uneven in a wide wavelength range, when the cooling laser technology is used to adjust the temperature, the use cost of the DWDM equipment system is increased. In addition, the system of DWDM equipment is usually four to five times more expensive than the system of CWDM equipment. However, with the increasing popularity of DWDM, the price of DWDM optical modules is nearly 20%-25% lower than that of CWDM optical modules.

What is the Recrystallization Process?

Recrystallization is an important phenomenon in materials science that involves the microstructural recovery of material after plastic deformation. This process is crucial for understanding material properties and optimizing processing techniques.

Mechanisms and Classification of Recrystallization

Recrystallization processes are typically triggered by heat treatment or thermal deformation and involve the natural recovery of materials after the generation of defects during deformation. Defects such as dislocations and grain boundaries promote the reduction of system-free energy at high temperatures through dislocation rearrangement and annihilation, leading to the formation of new grain structures.

Recrystallization can be classified into static recrystallization (SRX) and dynamic recrystallization (DRX). SRX occurs during annealing processes, while DRX takes place during thermal deformation. Furthermore, recrystallization can be further subdivided based on specific mechanisms, such as continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX), discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX), geometric dynamic recrystallization (GDRX), and metadynamic recrystallization (MDRX). These classifications are not strictly defined, and researchers may have different interpretations.

Factors influencing recrystallization

The recrystallization process is influenced by various factors, including the stacking fault energy (γSFE), initial grain size, thermal processing conditions, and second-phase particles. The magnitude of the stacking fault energy determines the dislocation breakdown and mobility, thereby affecting the recrystallization rate. Smaller initial grain sizes and suitable thermal processing conditions, such as high temperature and low strain rates, facilitate recrystallization. Second-phase particles can significantly influence the recrystallization process by hindering grain boundary motion.

Application of imaging techniques

EBSD and TEM are two classic imaging techniques used in recrystallization studies. EBSD analyzes the distribution and percentage of recrystallized grains using the DefRex map, although resolution limitations may pose accuracy issues. TEM, on the other hand, provides a direct observation of material substructures, such as dislocations, offering a more intuitive perspective for recrystallization studies.

Application of EBSD in recrystallization studies

EBSD is used to determine whether grains have undergone recrystallization by observing grain boundaries. For example, in the DefRex maps of forged TNM alloys, grains surrounded by high-angle boundaries are typically considered recrystallized grains. This technique provides detailed information about grain orientations and grain boundary types, aiding in the understanding of microstructural changes during recrystallization.

BC+GB (grain boundary) map of forged TiAl alloy

Application of TEM in recrystallization studies

TEM allows for more in-depth observations. For instance, in TEM images of rolled TiAl alloys, defect-free equiaxed grains, which are recrystallized grains, are clearly visible. This technique reveals the submicron-scale structures of materials, including dislocation arrangements and grain boundary characteristics, which are essential for understanding recrystallization mechanisms and optimizing material properties

Lithium Iron Phosphate battery:

Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery is a rechargeable types of battery which features lithium ions that moves from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and comes back to its original points while charging.

Fig: Schematic of working mechanism of Lithium-iron phosphate battery

Advantages of Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) battery:

Smaller and lighter: Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) battery is lighter than other rechargeable batteries in consideration of battery capacity. This makes it more practical in portable consumer electronic devices in which physical specifications such as weight and form factor are considered important selling points. Generally lithium battery weight is 30% from the lead acid batteries.

High efficiency: Most lithium-ion batteries have more than 95% efficiency (in 1C discharge), meaning that 95 percent or more of the energy stored in a lithium-ion battery is actually able to be used in 1C discharge. Conversely, lead acid batteries see efficiencies closer to 50% in 1C discharge.

Fast charging ability: Lithium batteries have superior fast charging ability over Lead acid batteries. With appropriate battery charger, then can be 90-100% charged within 1-3hours where as general lead acid batteries take more than 10-12 hours to fully charge.

High energy density: This is one of the highlighted advantages of lithium iron phosphate battery technology. With the increased density of energy this battery technology is being used from smart phones to the high end electric vehicles. The theoretical energy density of lead acid is 35-50 Wh/kg where as lithium batteries have usually 120-260Wh/kg.

Depth of discharge: Lead-acid batteries should only be run to 50% depth of discharge. Beyond that point, you risk negatively affecting their lifespan. In contrast, lithium batteries can handle deep discharges of 80% or more. This essentially means they feature a higher usable capacity.

Self-discharge: Other rechargeable batteries are not good with the rate of self-discharge. Due to the existence of Lithium iron cells in the battery the self-discharge rate is quite lower than others. It is around 5% for the first four hours and drops to around 1-2% per month.

Low maintenance: It does not require constant maintenance to continue its flawless performance whereas Lead-acid is a tried-and-true technology that costs less, but requires regular maintenance and doesn’t last as long.

Availability of variety: There are several types of lithium ion cells which can be used accordingly as per the requirement for a particular application.

Zero to low memory effect: Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) battery has zero to minimal memory effect. This memory effect is common in nickel-metal hydride rechargeable batteries such as NiCd and NiMH.

High open-circuit voltage: Lithium Iron Phosphate battery has a chemistry that results in higher open-circuit voltage than other aqueous    batteries such as lead acid, nickel-metal hydride, and nickel-cadmium.

The everexceed Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery have eventually become popular and its demand has drastically grown up to much greater extent  in  past few years. There are various lithium iron phosphate battery manufacturers who have been producing such batteries to fulfill the needs  as per the demand and fill the gap between the demand and supply. But we need to understand the advantages and the limitations of this technology for choosing the right backup battery for us.

In modern society, more and more attention is paid to saving energy and reducing carbon emissions. With the increasing demand for energy conservation and emission reduction in the global market, the market demand for high light efficiency chips is also growing.

What are high light efficiency chips?

High-efficiency chips ‌are those that produce more light output for the same amount of power and are commonly used in lighting and display devices. This kind of chip has the advantages of high luminous efficiency, energy saving, environmental protection, long life, etc., and is a high-performance component commonly used in modern electronic equipment.

What are the technical characteristics of high light efficiency chips?

1. High Luminous Efficiency: Can efficiently convert electric energy into light energy, reduce energy consumption.

2. Energy Saving and Environmental Protection: The use of high light efficiency chips can significantly reduce energy consumption and reduce carbon emissions.

3. Long Life: Compared with traditional light sources, high light efficiency chips have a longer life, reducing replacement frequency and maintenance costs.

4. Small size: High light efficiency LED lights are small in size and suitable for installation needs of various application scenarios.

High Light Efficiency LED Farming Light

In terms of lighting, high light efficiency LED lamps have better energy-saving effects and longer service life than traditional incandescent lamps and energy-saving lamps. For example, after the use of high light efficiency chips, our LED Poultry Farming Light products have been upgraded to High Light Efficiency LED Poultry Farming Light products. It can efficiently convert electric energy into light energy, reduce the loss of electric energy into heat energy, improve the overall energy efficiency, and thus reduce energy consumption. The bulbs have a long service life, can work tens of thousands of hours continuously, reduce the cost of replacement and maintenance. This is an outstanding example of Environmental Friendly LED Poultry Farming Light.

As cities around the world become more connected and technologically advanced, interactive flat panels (IFPs) are emerging as key players in shaping the future of smart cities. These cutting-edge displays go beyond traditional screens, offering interactivity, real-time information sharing, and collaboration. As urban spaces continue to evolve, IFPs are playing an increasingly vital role in creating more efficient, sustainable, and inclusive communities.

Here are five compelling reasons why interactive flat panels are set to revolutionize smart cities:

1. Revolutionizing Public Spaces with Digital Signage and Information Dissemination

In a smart city, public spaces are not just areas to pass through—they are hubs for communication and engagement. IFPs are transforming public spaces by providing dynamic digital signage that goes far beyond static advertisements. From interactive kiosks in malls to real-time bus schedules at transportation hubs, IFPs serve as the heart of a city’s digital communication system.

• Real-Time Information
• Interactive Engagement
• Localized Content

2. Smart Classrooms and Public Libraries: Bringing Education into the Digital Age

As education becomes more technology-driven, smart classrooms and public libraries are increasingly turning to interactive flat panels to enhance learning and collaboration. These digital tools provide more than just a display—they create an interactive learning environment that adapts to the needs of students and educators alike.

• Interactive Learning
• Enhanced Accessibility
• Collaboration and Inclusion

3. Enhancing Smart Transportation Systems with Real-Time Information

Transportation is a critical component of any smart city, and IFPs are playing a significant role in improving the way people navigate and experience urban transit systems. From bus stations to subway entrances, interactive flat panels are transforming transportation hubs into smarter, more efficient spaces.

• Real-Time Transit Updates
• Interactive Maps and Navigation
• Smart Ticketing

4. Promoting Public Engagement and Community Innovation

Public engagement is a key principle in building a successful smart city, and interactive flat panels are an effective tool for fostering communication between city authorities and citizens. IFPs can serve as a platform for public participation in decision-making processes, community-driven innovation, and civic engagement.

• Participatory Decision-Making
• Community Projects and Initiatives
• Collaborative Innovation

5. Integrating Interactive Flat Panels into Smart City Infrastructure

As smart cities continue to evolve, the integration of interactive flat panels into the broader city infrastructure is key to unlocking their full potential. IFPs can serve as a foundational element in connecting and streamlining urban systems.

• Centralized Control and Management
• Sustainability
• Seamless Integration with IoT

The integration of interactive flat panels into smart city frameworks is ushering in a new era of urban living, where communication is more dynamic, transportation is more efficient, and public engagement is more inclusive. By enabling real-time information sharing, collaboration, and interactivity, IFPs are playing a central role in transforming cities into smart, sustainable, and connected communities. As technology continues to evolve, interactive flat panels will undoubtedly be a driving force in shaping the cities of tomorrow.

In today’s rapidly evolving education landscape, technology plays an increasingly important role in fostering engaging and effective learning experiences. Interactive flat panels (IFPs) are at the forefront of this transformation, especially in early childhood education, where interactive and sensory learning are crucial for young learners.

1. Engaging Visual and Interactive Learning
Interactive flat panels bring vibrant visuals, touch-sensitive capabilities, and engaging content to the classroom, capturing young children's attention effortlessly. With high-resolution displays and multi-touch capabilities, children can interact with content directly on the screen, encouraging hands-on learning and exploration. Whether it’s learning numbers, letters, or shapes, the immersive experience makes learning fun and memorable.

2. Promoting Collaboration and Creativity
IFPs support collaborative activities, enabling multiple children to work together on interactive games, drawing activities, or group problem-solving tasks. With tools like virtual whiteboards and annotation features, children can express their creativity, share ideas, and learn teamwork from an early age.

3. Personalized and Adaptive Learning
Interactive flat panels are equipped with various educational apps and adaptive learning software that can adjust to the pace and preferences of individual learners. Teachers can use these tools to personalize lessons, catering to different learning styles and ensuring no child is left behind.

4. Simplifying Teaching for Educators
For teachers, IFPs simplify lesson planning and execution. With integrated software, cloud storage access, and real-time connectivity, educators can create dynamic lessons, access a wealth of online resources, and present multimedia content seamlessly. The ability to save and share lesson notes also ensures continuity and ease of review for both teachers and students.

5. Building Digital Literacy from an Early Age
Incorporating IFPs into early childhood education helps build digital literacy skills from a young age. By interacting with technology in a controlled and educational setting, children become comfortable using digital tools, laying the foundation for future learning and tech-savviness.

6. Encouraging Safe and Engaging Screen Time
With features like blue light filters and anti-glare screens, IFPs ensure that screen time is safe for young eyes. Moreover, the interactive nature of the devices promotes active engagement rather than passive consumption, making screen time a constructive part of the learning process.

Interactive flat panels (IFPs) have become essential tools in modern education and business environments. With the introduction of Google EDLA (Enterprise Devices Licensing Agreement) certification, these devices are now more efficient, versatile, and secure than ever. 

Advantages of Google EDLA Certified Interactive Flat Panels

✅ Seamless Integration with Google Ecosystem

Google EDLA-certified panels are designed to work effortlessly with Google Workspace, including Google Drive, Google Meet, and Google Classroom. This allows educators and professionals to access, share, and manage content directly from the panel, streamlining workflows and enhancing productivity.

✅ Enhanced Security and Reliability

EDLA certification ensures robust device security, with regular updates and patches provided by Google. These panels comply with enterprise-grade security standards, protecting sensitive data and ensuring peace of mind for users in schools and offices alike.

✅ Optimized Performance for Android Systems

With EDLA certification, interactive flat panels feature an optimized version of Android tailored for enterprise use. This means faster performance, smoother multitasking, and compatibility with a wide range of educational and productivity apps available on the Google Play Store.

✅ Advanced Collaboration Tools

These panels are designed for modern collaboration, offering features like real-time annotations, multi-user touch capabilities, and seamless video conferencing through Google Meet. Teams and classrooms can work together more effectively, no matter where participants are located.

✅ Scalability and Centralized Management

Google EDLA-certified devices can be centrally managed using the Google Admin Console. IT administrators can control multiple devices remotely, deploy apps, enforce policies, and troubleshoot issues, making them ideal for schools and large organizations.

✅ High-Quality Display and Interaction

Certified interactive flat panels often come equipped with high-resolution displays, advanced touch technology, and anti-glare coatings. Combined with Google’s robust platform, these features deliver an unparalleled user experience, making presentations, lessons, and meetings more engaging and impactful.

✅ Long-Term Support and Upgradability

Google EDLA certification ensures long-term software and hardware support. Users benefit from regular updates and compatibility with future Google technologies, protecting the investment over time.

Google EDLA-certified interactive flat panels are revolutionizing the way we teach, learn, and collaborate. Combining the power of Google’s ecosystem with enterprise-level features, they provide unmatched performance, security, and flexibility. Whether in a classroom or a boardroom, these panels are a forward-thinking solution for today’s digital-first world.

The application of commercial display products in campus safety can be multifaceted, enhancing security and communication within educational institutions. In the realm of campus safety, a suite of advanced hardware and software solutions plays a crucial role. 

Key Applications of Commercial Displays in Campus Security & Safety:

✅Real-time Information Dissemination

Commercial display products in campus settings enable the real-time dissemination of information, including emergency notifications, safety alerts, and event schedules. This efficient communication enhances the emergency response capabilities of teachers and students, ensuring a safe and stable campus environment.

✅Visitor Management and Monitoring

Utilizing commercial display devices, effective management and monitoring of campus visitors can be achieved. For instance, facial recognition technology can identify visitor identities, log entry and exit times, and integrate with campus security systems to improve the level of intelligent campus security management.

✅Safety Education and Promotion

Interactive Flat Panels and Digital Signage can be used to play safety education videos and promotional content, enhancing the safety awareness and emergency response capabilities of teachers and students. The regularly updated content can cover various aspects such as fire safety, earthquake preparedness, and cybersecurity, comprehensively improving the effectiveness of campus safety education.

✅Data Analysis and Early Warning

With advanced data analysis capabilities, commercial display products can collect and analyze various types of safety data within the campus. By monitoring and providing early warnings for abnormal behaviors, potential safety hazards can be identified in time, and preventive measures can be taken to ensure the overall safety of the campus.

✅Interactive Feedback Mechanism

Commercial display devices can establish an interactive feedback mechanism, allowing teachers and students to anonymously report safety hazards or propose improvement suggestions. This two-way communication method helps quickly respond to and resolve issues, enhancing the transparency and participation of campus safety management.

Incorporating these advanced commercial display products into the campus safety framework not only enhances surveillance and communication capabilities but also ensures a more responsive and efficient approach to handling emergencies and maintaining overall security. The deployment of these devices will facilitate the participation of students, faculty, and visitors in their everyday learning, teaching and managerial duties in a safe campus environment.

In the ever-evolving world of retail, creating an unforgettable customer experience is the key to standing out in a crowded market. With cutting-edge technology reshaping how we shop, commercial display products have become essential tools for modern retailers. From dynamic advertising to immersive in-store experiences, these advanced displays are revolutionizing the way businesses engage with their customers.

1. Dynamic and Eye-Catching Digital Signage

Gone are the days of static posters and traditional signage. Commercial display solutions, such as interactive flat panels and digital kiosks, enable retailers to create dynamic, real-time content that captures customers' attention. With vibrant displays and ultra-high-definition resolutions, these solutions ensure every promotion, product showcase, or branding message is displayed with stunning clarity.

✅Applications:

• Window Displays: Bright and engaging digital signage attracts foot traffic and draws attention to promotions.

• In-Store Advertising: Highlight special offers or showcase product features with motion graphics that stand out.

• Seasonal Campaigns: Easily switch content to match holidays, events, or new arrivals with minimal effort.

2. Enhancing Customer Engagement with Interactivity

Interactive displays are redefining the retail experience by allowing customers to engage directly with products and services. These displays are perfect for empowering customers to explore offerings at their own pace, creating a personalized and engaging shopping experience.

✅Key Benefits:

• Self-Service Kiosks: Provide product information, availability, or recommendations with a simple touch.

• Virtual Product Try-Ons: Allow customers to "try on" clothing, accessories, or makeup virtually, enhancing convenience and fun.

• Interactive Maps: Help customers navigate large retail spaces or shopping malls with ease.

3. Creating an Immersive Retail Experience

Modern consumers value experiences as much as products. Commercial displays allow retailers to create immersive environments that leave lasting impressions. Whether through video walls, interactive screens, or augmented reality, these displays enhance the ambiance and storytelling within a store.

✅Use Cases:

• Themed Displays: Set the mood with large-scale video walls that align with your brand story.

• Augmented Reality Experiences: Let customers explore product features or use AR to create memorable, tech-savvy shopping moments.

• Live Events or Demos: Stream live product demonstrations or virtual events to engage customers in-store.

4. Data-Driven Retail with Smart Analytics

Many modern commercial displays are equipped with analytics tools, enabling retailers to gather valuable insights into customer behavior. From dwell time to interaction rates, these insights can help optimize store layouts, promotions, and product placements.

✅Advantages:

• Understand which displays or promotions attract the most attention.

• Adjust marketing strategies based on customer preferences and habits.

• Enhance ROI by targeting customers with personalized offers or recommendations.

In a competitive retail landscape, leveraging commercial display products is no longer optional — it’s a necessity. From engaging customers with interactive content to streamlining operations and delivering immersive experiences, these displays are transforming retail spaces for the better.

The integration of AI in interactive flat panels transforms them into powerful tools for modern education. By leveraging AI capabilities, educators can create more personalized, interactive, and efficient learning environments that cater to the diverse needs of their students. Here are some key ways AI is utilized in these interactive tools:

✅ Handwriting Recognition

AI algorithms can recognize handwritten text and convert it into digital text, making it easier to save and edit notes. This feature is particularly useful for teachers who prefer writing on the board but want to digitize their content.

✅ Gesture Recognition

Interactive flat panels equipped with AI can recognize various gestures, such as swiping, pinching, and rotating, allowing for more intuitive interactions. This makes it easier for teachers to manipulate objects on the screen without needing a physical keyboard or mouse.

✅ Object Recognition

AI can identify and interact with specific objects placed on or near the whiteboard. For example, placing a book on the board could automatically bring up related digital content, enhancing the learning experience.

✅ Facial Recognition

Some advanced interactive flat panels use facial recognition technology to identify individual students, which can be used for personalized learning experiences and attendance tracking.

✅ Natural Language Processing (NLP)

AI-powered NLP allows interactive flat panels to understand and respond to voice commands, enabling teachers to control the board using natural language. This feature can also assist in language learning by providing instant feedback on pronunciation and grammar.

✅ Real-time Translation

AI can provide real-time translation of text written on the board, breaking down language barriers in multicultural classrooms and facilitating better communication between students and teachers.

✅ Interactive Content Creation

AI tools integrated into interactive flat panels can help create dynamic and engaging content. For example, AI can generate quizzes, flashcards, and other interactive materials based on the lesson content, making learning more interactive and fun.

✅ Predictive Analytics

By analyzing the interactions and usage patterns, AI can provide insights into student engagement and understanding. This data can help teachers tailor their lessons to better meet the needs of their students.

✅ Accessibility Features

AI enhances accessibility by providing features like text-to-speech, speech-to-text, and real-time captioning, ensuring that all students, including those with disabilities, can fully participate in the learning process.

✅ Collaborative Learning

AI facilitates collaborative learning by allowing multiple users to interact with the whiteboard simultaneously. It can also track individual contributions, helping teachers assess participation and engagement.

✅ Content Recommendation

Based on the topics being taught, AI can recommend additional resources and materials, such as articles, videos, and interactive exercises, to deepen students' understanding and engagement.

✅ Error Detection and Correction

AI can detect errors in writing or calculations and suggest corrections in real-time, helping students learn from their mistakes immediately.